Thursday, March 15, 2012
#16 research & inspiration
Tuesday, March 13, 2012
#15 research & inspiration
For Assignment #15, I researched the lyrics to the song "Gravity Hurts" to use for the text on the document. I was inspired to use the look of different Lego Bionicle masks for background images and the illustrated capital letter.
#14 research & inspiration
Wednesday, March 7, 2012
Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD
What is an abacus?
A device that was able to perform simple math calculations.
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
Konrad Zuse invented the first freely programable computer.
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
They were used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.
Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
John Presper Eckhert and John Mauchly designed the first commercial computer, UNIVAC, for the Census Bureau.
What does UNIVAC stand for?
UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer.
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
IBM stands for International Bussiness Machines.
What is FORTRAN?
FORTRAN is the first successful high level programming language.
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
Douglas Engelbart changed the way computers worked by inventing the computer mouse.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
ARPAnet was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
Intel introduced the first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004.
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
IBM introduced the first "memory disk" commonly called the "floppy disk" because of its flexibility.
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
Robert Metcalf and Xerox created the first ethernet computer network.
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
the Altair
the Apple I
the Apple II
the TRS-80
The Commodore PET
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced the MS-DOS computer operating system which was packaged with the IBM PC.Post a photo of the Lisa computer.
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple introduced the Lisa computer.
What is GUI?
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
The more affordable home computer was marketed as the Apple Macintosh Computer.
The commercial only ran one time. When?
Apple ran its "1984" commercial durring the superbowl, which cost $1.5 million to produce.
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced the Windows Operating System.
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs are known for their development of the Apple I computer.
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
The World Wide Web was developed and introduced on November 12, 1990.
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
An "easter egg" is an international hidden message, in-joke, or feature in a work.
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
"Belching cat in version 4.0, credit scroll, and strange cargo."
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
Computer might be able to bring things into the real world in the next 10 years.
A device that was able to perform simple math calculations.
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
Konrad Zuse invented the first freely programable computer.
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
They were used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.
Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
John Presper Eckhert and John Mauchly designed the first commercial computer, UNIVAC, for the Census Bureau.
What does UNIVAC stand for?
UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer.
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
IBM stands for International Bussiness Machines.
What is FORTRAN?
FORTRAN is the first successful high level programming language.
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
Douglas Engelbart changed the way computers worked by inventing the computer mouse.
What is the significance of ARPnet?
ARPAnet was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
Intel introduced the first single chip microprocessor, the intel 4004.
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
IBM introduced the first "memory disk" commonly called the "floppy disk" because of its flexibility.
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
Robert Metcalf and Xerox created the first ethernet computer network.
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.
the Altairthe Apple Ithe Apple IIthe TRS-80The Commodore PETIn 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced the MS-DOS computer operating system which was packaged with the IBM PC.Post a photo of the Lisa computer.
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple introduced the Lisa computer.
What is GUI?
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface.
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
The more affordable home computer was marketed as the Apple Macintosh Computer.
The commercial only ran one time. When?
Apple ran its "1984" commercial durring the superbowl, which cost $1.5 million to produce.
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced the Windows Operating System.
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs are known for their development of the Apple I computer.
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
The World Wide Web was developed and introduced on November 12, 1990.
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
An "easter egg" is an international hidden message, in-joke, or feature in a work.
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
"Belching cat in version 4.0, credit scroll, and strange cargo."
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
Computer might be able to bring things into the real world in the next 10 years.
Tuesday, March 6, 2012
Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD
Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?Early news photographs required the image be reinterpreted by an engraver before being published.
What is a camera obscura?It's an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?Artists used this as a way to trace outside scenes and paint or draw them.
From where did the photographic camera develop?It developed from the portable box.
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?Sir John Hershel was the first to use the term in 1839. Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing.
Post an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?Joseph Niepce was credited with making the first successful photograph.
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Louis Daguerre invented the Daduerreotype process. The exposure time was reduced to a half-hour. The image could not be duplicated.
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process. An unlimited amount of duplicates could be made. It's quality was inferior to the striking images produced by the Daguerreotype process.
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Frederick Scott Archer invented the Wet Collodion process. This process reduced the exposure time to two or three. The cost was significantly less than the previous processes. Plates had to be exposed and developed immediately, while the plates were still wet.
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Richard Maddox invented the Dry Plate process. It used gelatin instead of glass for the photographic plate. Photography at this point was still too complicated for the general public.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
He is remembered for making photography accessable to all. He established the Eastman Kodak Company. Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?Eastman introduced the Brownie in 1900 at a price of just $1.
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?Edwin Land is best known for patening polarized light filters in 1934 and his invention of instant photography in 1948. He established the Polaroid Corporation in 1937.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?The first Polaroid camera produced a black an white print in 60 seconds.
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
He was known for his work using multiple cameras to capture motion.
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
A device used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion.
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?He used a series of large cameras placed in a line, each being trigered by a thread as a horse passed by.
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?The development of the motion picture camera allowed individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel.
Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector?A device that shines light through the film and magnify the "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.
What is a camera obscura?It's an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.
Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?Artists used this as a way to trace outside scenes and paint or draw them.
From where did the photographic camera develop?It developed from the portable box.
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?Sir John Hershel was the first to use the term in 1839. Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing.
Post an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?Joseph Niepce was credited with making the first successful photograph.
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Louis Daguerre invented the Daduerreotype process. The exposure time was reduced to a half-hour. The image could not be duplicated.
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?William Fox Talbot invented the Calotype process. An unlimited amount of duplicates could be made. It's quality was inferior to the striking images produced by the Daguerreotype process.
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Frederick Scott Archer invented the Wet Collodion process. This process reduced the exposure time to two or three. The cost was significantly less than the previous processes. Plates had to be exposed and developed immediately, while the plates were still wet.
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?Richard Maddox invented the Dry Plate process. It used gelatin instead of glass for the photographic plate. Photography at this point was still too complicated for the general public.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
He is remembered for making photography accessable to all. He established the Eastman Kodak Company. Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?Eastman introduced the Brownie in 1900 at a price of just $1.
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?Edwin Land is best known for patening polarized light filters in 1934 and his invention of instant photography in 1948. He established the Polaroid Corporation in 1937.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?The first Polaroid camera produced a black an white print in 60 seconds.
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
He was known for his work using multiple cameras to capture motion.
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
A device used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion.
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?He used a series of large cameras placed in a line, each being trigered by a thread as a horse passed by.
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?The development of the motion picture camera allowed individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel.
Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector?A device that shines light through the film and magnify the "moving picture" onto a screen for an audience.
Sunday, March 4, 2012
The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD
Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes was credited with the invention of the typewriter.
What is a "stenographer"?
A stenographer is someone skilled in the transition of speech.
Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
He realized stenographers would be among the first and most important users.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
He pursued the invention of a machine for typesetting, one that would bridge the gap between the typewritter and the printed page.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine.
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Typesetting is the composition of text material by means of types.
Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
The Linotype Machine allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
The Linotype Machine made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.
Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
The keyboard had the same alphabet arrangement twice. On the left, the black keys were the lowercase letters. On the right, the white keys were for uppercase. The blue keys in the middle were for punctuation, digits, small capital letters, and fixed with spaces.
Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
A single piece of assembled matricies.
Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It produces an entire line of metal type at once.
Christopher Sholes was credited with the invention of the typewriter.
What is a "stenographer"?
A stenographer is someone skilled in the transition of speech.
Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
He realized stenographers would be among the first and most important users.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
He pursued the invention of a machine for typesetting, one that would bridge the gap between the typewritter and the printed page.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine.
What is meant by "typesetting"?
Typesetting is the composition of text material by means of types.
Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
The Linotype Machine allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand.
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
The Linotype Machine made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.
Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
The keyboard had the same alphabet arrangement twice. On the left, the black keys were the lowercase letters. On the right, the white keys were for uppercase. The blue keys in the middle were for punctuation, digits, small capital letters, and fixed with spaces.
Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
A single piece of assembled matricies.
Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It produces an entire line of metal type at once.
Saturday, March 3, 2012
The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD
What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?He is credited with inventing the technology of printing with movable type
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work? Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form.The form was pressed against a sheet of paper.
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?Spending time with his father at the mint, watching goldsmiths and jewelers, and his love of reading motivated him to find a better way to create books.
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?Wood cuts were not durable but metal type could be reproduced more quickly once a single mold could be made.
Post an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
Moveable type is the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters and punctuation).
What is a matrix?
A mold in which something is cast or shaped.
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
An oily, varnish like ink made of soot, turpintine, and walnut oil.
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Paper is a substrate made from wood pulp. Paper originated from China.
What is a "substrate"?
A material that provides the surface on which something is deposited or inscribed.
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
He sought out John Fust, a wealthy bussinessman. Fust sued Gutenberg, the judge ruled in favor of Fust, and Gutenberg turned over the press, tools, materials, and all 180 Bibles.
What was the first book he printed?
The first book he printed was th Bible.
Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
It Perfected script and made it easier to read. Books were made more rapidly. Current information could be shared locally around the world. Cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them. Demand grew and the population became more literate. People wanted books written in their own language and a greater variety of books. Book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking. Economies became stronger. Art and science began to flourish which led to the begining of the Renaissance.
Who introduced the printing press to England?
Milliam Caxton introduced the printing press to England.
What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters were the early form of newspapers.
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The first news weekly was published in 1704. It was called the Boston Letter.
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
A press completely cast of iron was built in the US in the mid 1800s.
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
A mark impressed on a surface by something.
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Relief printing is the printing process the Gutenberg press is an example of.
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Intaglio is printmaking. The image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink. Ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. Damp paper is placed on top. A press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Porous printing is a basic stencil process. An image carrier is attached to a screen. Ink is forced through open mesh areas.
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Lithography is printing from a flat surface. Drwing, or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. Water is applied. When ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink; the wet parts do not.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today.
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Many printing techniques have been revolutionized by the invention of computers.
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work? Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form.The form was pressed against a sheet of paper.
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?Spending time with his father at the mint, watching goldsmiths and jewelers, and his love of reading motivated him to find a better way to create books.
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?Wood cuts were not durable but metal type could be reproduced more quickly once a single mold could be made.
Post an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
Moveable type is the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters and punctuation).
What is a matrix?
A mold in which something is cast or shaped.
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
An oily, varnish like ink made of soot, turpintine, and walnut oil.
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Paper is a substrate made from wood pulp. Paper originated from China.
What is a "substrate"?
A material that provides the surface on which something is deposited or inscribed.
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
He sought out John Fust, a wealthy bussinessman. Fust sued Gutenberg, the judge ruled in favor of Fust, and Gutenberg turned over the press, tools, materials, and all 180 Bibles.
What was the first book he printed?
The first book he printed was th Bible.
Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
It Perfected script and made it easier to read. Books were made more rapidly. Current information could be shared locally around the world. Cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them. Demand grew and the population became more literate. People wanted books written in their own language and a greater variety of books. Book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking. Economies became stronger. Art and science began to flourish which led to the begining of the Renaissance.
Who introduced the printing press to England?
Milliam Caxton introduced the printing press to England.
What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters were the early form of newspapers.
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
The first news weekly was published in 1704. It was called the Boston Letter.
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
A press completely cast of iron was built in the US in the mid 1800s.
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
A mark impressed on a surface by something.
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Relief printing is the printing process the Gutenberg press is an example of.
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Intaglio is printmaking. The image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink. Ink is applied, then rubbed with a cloth to remove the excess. Damp paper is placed on top. A press applies pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Porous printing is a basic stencil process. An image carrier is attached to a screen. Ink is forced through open mesh areas.
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Lithography is printing from a flat surface. Drwing, or artwork, is made on the plate with greasy ink or crayon. Water is applied. When ink is spread on top, the greasy parts accept the ink; the wet parts do not.
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today.
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Many printing techniques have been revolutionized by the invention of computers.
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).
Friday, March 2, 2012
The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD
Post an example of a scroll.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
They only allowed for sequential usage. Readers must read the text in the order it was written.
What is a codex?
A codex is a covered and bound collection of hand written pages.
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
It consisted of many pages to make it into one.
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
"Sequential access" means one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage. "Random access" means one can go to any point to find information.
What were the advantages of using the codex?
The advantages of using the codex was compactness, sturdiness, and ease of reference. It also had "random access" instead of "sequential access", it could be opened flat to any page, and it was more portable. It was even easier to organize in libraries because the title could be written on the spine.
What helped spread the use of the codex?
It is believed that the spread of the codex is associated with the rise of Cristianity.
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment replaced papyrus. Parchment was a substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows. Hair and fat were removed and the skin was smoothed out. The hide was soaked in water. Calcium, flour, and salt were added. The skin was stretched out, flattened, and dried.
What is vellum?
Vellum was a finer quality of parchment made from skins of young calves.
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
The Kindle and the iPad utilizes the format of the codex.
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
The Dark Ages was a period of cultural and economical deterioration which started with the decline of the Roman Empire.
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Scribes began creating books by hand.
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
"Ilumination" refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentations added to each page of text. Ornamentation included initials of chapters or paragraphs and paintings in margins, borders, and around text.
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Natural quil pens were used for the highly intricate and detailed work.
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
These manuscripts were reserved for religious purposes because the work was laborious and illuminated.
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
Craftsmanship is the quality of design and work shown in something made by hand. Some illuminated manuscripts still exist today because of the materials used and the craftsmanship.
They only allowed for sequential usage. Readers must read the text in the order it was written.
Post an example of a codex.
What is a codex?
A codex is a covered and bound collection of hand written pages.
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
It consisted of many pages to make it into one.
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
"Sequential access" means one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage. "Random access" means one can go to any point to find information.
What were the advantages of using the codex?
The advantages of using the codex was compactness, sturdiness, and ease of reference. It also had "random access" instead of "sequential access", it could be opened flat to any page, and it was more portable. It was even easier to organize in libraries because the title could be written on the spine.
What helped spread the use of the codex?
It is believed that the spread of the codex is associated with the rise of Cristianity.
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Parchment replaced papyrus. Parchment was a substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows. Hair and fat were removed and the skin was smoothed out. The hide was soaked in water. Calcium, flour, and salt were added. The skin was stretched out, flattened, and dried.
What is vellum?
Vellum was a finer quality of parchment made from skins of young calves.
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
The Kindle and the iPad utilizes the format of the codex.
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
The Dark Ages was a period of cultural and economical deterioration which started with the decline of the Roman Empire.
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Scribes began creating books by hand.
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
"Ilumination" refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentations added to each page of text. Ornamentation included initials of chapters or paragraphs and paintings in margins, borders, and around text.
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Natural quil pens were used for the highly intricate and detailed work.
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
These manuscripts were reserved for religious purposes because the work was laborious and illuminated.
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
Craftsmanship is the quality of design and work shown in something made by hand. Some illuminated manuscripts still exist today because of the materials used and the craftsmanship.
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